A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |I | J | K | L Major Tranquilizers – the antipsycotic drugs such as the phenothiazines. Mandro - see Diazepam. Mandro-Zep - see Diazepam. Manegan - see Trazodone. Manerix - see Moclobemide. Mania – an emotional/psychological state characterized by unrealistic feelings of excitement, invincibility, power, energy, intelligence, and euphoria. MAOI - see Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor. Maprotiline – a tricyclic antiddepressant (TCA) medication. Includes brand names such as Ludiomil. Mareen - see Doxepin. Margrilan - see Fluoxetine. Marplan - see Isocarboxazid. Martimil - see Nortryptyline. Maveral - see Fluvoxamine. MCS – multiple chemical sensitivity. Medical Model – the perspective that psychiatric/psychological problems are the result of disordered or abnormal physiology or structure, rather than the result of learning or thinking. Medication - a chemical substance that has a medical affect on the body. There are a wide variety of classes of medications used to treat anxiety disorders; including benzodiazepines, MAOIs, SRIs, SARIS, SSRIs, SNRIs, and TCAs. Medicine – an academic discipline devoted to the understanding and treatment of disorders of the human body. Medilium - see Chlordiazepoxide. Medinal - see Barbital. Medipramine - see Imipramine. Melatonin - a hormone produced by the pineal gland that is derived from serotonin and involved in a number of functions including biological circadian rhythms and sleep. Melipramine - see Imipramine. Melode - see Diazepam. Mentalium - see Diazepam. Merlit - see Lorazepam. Meval - see Diazepam. Migraine – an intensely painful recurring headache that often involves only one side of the head and is often accompanied by nausea and visual disturbance. Miketorin - see Amitryptiline. Minor Tranquilizers – an older term used to describe someantianxiety drugs such as the benzodiazepines. Mipralin - see Imipramine. Mirtazapine - a medication that stimulates the release of norepinephrine and serotonin and blocks two subtypes of serotonin receptors (5-HT2 and 5-HT3). Also blocks alpha 2 receptors, resulting in increases of release of both serotonin and norepinephrine. Includes brand names such as Remeron. Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) - a relatively benign cardiac condition involving a heart valve abnormality. MVP has been associated with autonomic nervous system dysfunction and some anxiety disorders in which case it is referred to as Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome. Mitran - see Chlordiazepoxide. Mitriptyline – a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) medication. Includes brand names such as Etrafon, Perphenazine, Triavil. Moclobemide – a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA). Includes brand names such as Aurorix, Manerix. Mogadon - see Nitrazepam. Molipaxin - see Trazodone. Monoamines - a class of hormones / neurotransmitters that includes the catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine) and the indoleamines(serotonin and melatonin). Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI) - an inhibitor of one of the enzymes that degrades and thereby inactivates monoamine neurotransmitters. MAOIs act irreversibly and nonselectively. Includes medication such as phenezine (Nardil), tranylcypromine (Parnate), and isocarboxazid (Marplan). Phenelzine is perhaps the most commonly prescribed MAOI for anxiety disorders. Generic names for MAOIs include brofaromine, isocarboxazid, moclobemide, pargyline, phenelzine, selegeline, tranylcypromine. These medications are used much less than previously because the SSRIs and other agents have been found to be as effective and the MAOIs have been associated with serious side effects. People who use MAOI medications have to adhere to a very strict diet that excludes all foods that contain high concentrations of certain dietary amino acids, such as tyramine, that are ordinarily degraded by monoamine oxidase enzymes. Mood Disorders – problems characterized by disturbances of mood that are are intense enough to cause suffering and maladaptive behavior. Motival - see Nortryptyline. Multum - see Chlordiazepoxide. Murelax - see Oxazepam. Mutabon D - see Amitryptiline. MVP - mitral valve prolapse. Narcotic Drugs – substances such as morphine that lead to increasing tolerance and physiological dependence. Nardil - see Phenelzine. Narol - see Buspirone Hydrochloride. Nefazodone– a dual serotonin 2 antagonist/serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SARI) medication. Includes brand names such as Serzone. Nellium - see Diazepam. Neo-Gnostorid - see Chlordiazepoxide. Nerbet - see Buspirone Hydrochloride. Nerozen - see Diazepam. Nervistop L - see Lorazepam. Nervistopl - see Lorazepam. Nervous – used to describe the experience or feeling of anxiety, also used to describe the "nervous system" of the human body as studied in neurology. Neurology – the field of medicine primarily concerned with the study of disorders of the brain and nervous system. Neuron – an individual nerve cell. Neuropax - see Chlordiazepoxide. Neurosedin - see Diazepam. Neurosine - see Buspirone Hydrochloride. Neurotransmitter - a chemical substance that transmits information from one neuron to another neuron at a very short distance. Neurotransmitters are released by nerve cells into the extracellular space at synapses. The release of neurotransmitter then produces either excitation or inhibition of an immediately neighboring nerve cell. Many substances act both as hormones in the blood and neurotransmitters in either the central or peripheral nervous systems. Neurotransmitters in the brain can be generally divided into two large classes. Classical neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine, are synthesized in nerve terminals close to the synapse, whereas the neuropeptide neurotransmitters, such as the endorphins, are synthesized in body of the nerve cell. NIC - see Lorazepam. Nicotine– the addictive alkaloid that is the main active ingredient in tobacco. May have an antidepressant as well as an addictive effects. NIH– National Institute of Health (United States). NIMH – National Institute of Mental Health (United States). Nitrazepam - a benzodiazepine medication. Includes brand names such as Alodorm, Mogadon. Nivalen - see Diazepam. Nixtensyn - see Diazepam. Noan - see Diazepam. Nocturnal Bruxism – term used to describe the clenching and/or grinding of teeth during sleep. Noradrenaline - see norepinephrine. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) - a hormone and neurotransmitter (catecholamine) that is produced by the adrenal gland and is involved in a variety of functions including (sympathetic) arousal. Norepinephrine and Dopamine reuptake Blockers – drugs that inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. Includes medication such as Bupropion. Norfranil - see Imipramine. Noritren - see Nortryptyline. Norline - see Nortryptyline. Normal Distribution – the tendency of most people to cluster around central point or average when measured on any given trait or behavior, with the remaining people more spread out towards the two extremes. Normaton - see Buspirone Hydrochloride. Normide - see Chlordiazepoxide. Normison - see Temazepam. Norpramin - see Desipramine. Norpress - see Nortryptyline. Nortab - see Nortryptyline. Nortrilen - see Nortryptyline. Nortrix - see Nortryptyline. Nortryptyline - a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) medication. Includes brand names such as Allegron, Allergron, Ateben, Aventyl, Aventyl HCl, Kareon, Lisunim, Martimil, Motival, Noritren, Norline, Norpress, Nortab, Nortrilen, Nortrix, Nortyline, Ortrip, Pamelor, Paxtibi, Sensaval, Sensibal, Sensival, Vividyl. Nortyline - see Nortryptyline. Notense - see Diazepam. Nova-Pam - see Chlordiazepoxide. Novazam - see Diazepam. Novhepar - see Lorazepam. Novidorm - see Triazolam. Novodipam - see Diazepam. Novolorazem - see Lorazepam. Novopoxide - see Chlordiazepoxide. Novopramine - see Imipramine. Novoprotect - see Amitryptiline. Novotriptyn - see Amitryptiline. NREM – sleep that is not characterized by rapid eye movements (REM). Nuctane - see Triazolam. Oasil - see Chlordiazepoxide. OCD – obsessive compulsive disorder. OCM - see Chlordiazepoxide. Omnalio - see Chlordiazepoxide. Operant Conditioning – a form of learning by which a response is rewarded to increase the likelihood that is will happen again. Orfidal - see Lorazepam. Ortopsique - see Diazepam. Ortrip - see Nortryptyline. OTC – over-the-counter (non-prescription) medication. Outcome Research – used to describe studies of the effectiveness of treatments. Overt Behavior – behavior that can be observed by another person and can therfore be measured. Oxazepam - a benzodiazepine medication. Includes brand names such as Alepam, Murelax, Serax, Serepax, Seresta. Oxetine - see Fluoxetine. Oxytocin - a hormone with a number of functions including muscle contraction and nerve sensitivity. Paceum - see Diazepam. Pacitran - see Diazepam. PD – panic disorder. Pamelor - see Nortryptyline. Paralium - see Diazepam. Paranoia – a term used to describe behavior that usually results from delusions and an impaired contact with reality but not necessarily with the severe disorganization observed in schizophrenia. Parasympathetic Nervous System – the part of the autonomic nervous system that controls most basic metabolic processes. Pargyline - an medication. Includes brand names such as Eutonyl. Parnate - see Tranylcypromine. Parstelin - see Tranylcypromine. Partial Agonist – a substance that stimulates receptors on neurons but not as much as an agonist (full agonist). Parzam - see Diazepam. Paroxetine - a serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication. Includes brand names such as Aropax, Deroxat, Paxil, Seroxal, Seroxat. Passive Behavior – a term used describe behavior by which people typically yield or differ to the opinion, suggestions or decisions of others. Pathological Gambling - a pattern of addiction to gambling. Pax - see Diazepam. Paxate - see Diazepam. Paxil - see Paroxetine. Paxium - see Chlordiazepoxide. Paxon - see Buspirone Hydrochloride. Paxtibi - see Nortryptyline. Paxum - see Diazepam. Peripheral Nervous System – the nerve fibers and tracts that link the central nervous system (brain and spinal chord) to the sense organs, glands and muscles. Pernicious Anemia- a blood disorder that can result in symptoms similar to those of anxiety disorders. Perphenazine - see Mitriptyline. Pertofran - see Desipramine. Pharmacodynamics – the study of how drugs act in the body and especially in the brain Pharmacology - the branch of science concerned with understanding the clinical application and effects of medications. Pharmacotherapy – medication therapy. Pharmacokinetics – the study of how the body acts on drugs, for example, metabolism and excretion. Pharmadine - see Diazepam. Pharnax - see Alprazolam. Phenelzine - a monoamine oxidase A inhibitor ( ) medication. Brand names include Nardil. Phenobarbital – an old barbiturate medication once used in the treatment of anxiety and still used in the treatment of seizure disorders such including epilepsy. Sometimes called phenobarb. Includes brand names such as Luminal. Phenochromocytoma - a tumor of the adrenal gland that results in the over- production of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Phenylethylamine - a pleasure-producing chemical that is a natural ingredient in chocolate and is usually associated with the functioning of the limbic system. Pineal Gland – small gland at the base of the brain involved in the regulation of biological rythms and perhaps sexual development. Pinsanu - see Amitryptiline. Pinsaun - see Amitryptiline. Placebo (sugar pill) – a technique or medication that contains no active ingredient and presumably therefore has no physical benefit. Placebos are generally administered in such a way that the person is reasonably sure that they are in fact receiving the active treatment. Placebos are often used in the study of the effectiveness of new medications to distinguish between the medical/physical and the purely psychological affects of taking a medication. Placebo Effect – the psychological effect of taking a placebo. Placidox - see Diazepam. Planum - see Temazepam. Plidan - see Diazepam. PMS – premenstrual syndrome. Polygenic – caused by the interactive effects of many genes. Pomin - see Diazepam. Porphyria- a disorder due to problems with porphyrin metabolism that results in symptoms including confusion, nausea, acute abdominal pain, and sensitivity to sun-exposure. Postural Hypotension – a decrease in blood pressure that occurs following a change in posture (usually when moving from sitting to standing) that can result in various symptoms including dizziness, lightheadedness, and fainting. Poxi - see Chlordiazepoxide. Pragmarel - see Trazodone. Presamine - see Imipramine. Prevalence – the number of active cases of a given problem that can be identified at any given time. Prolactin - a hormone. Excess prolactin production that results from hypothyroidism, some medications, and stress can result in a number of symptoms including reduce sex drive and desire (libido). Prolactin release is controlled by dopamine levels. Primonil - see Imipramine. Prinox - see Alprazolam. PRN – pro re nata (Latin for "as needed") Prodep - see Fluoxetine. Prognosis – a prediction about what will likely happen to a person with a disorder/problem. Propam - see Diazepam. Propranolol – Includes brand names include Inderal. Prothiaden - see Dothiepin. Prozac - see Fluoxetine. Prozepam - see Diazepam. Pryleugan - see Imipramine. Psicofar - see Chlordiazepoxide. Psychiatrist - a medical doctor who specializes in psychiatry and receives specialized training in the provision of psychiatric assessment and treatment. Psychiatry - a field of medicine concerned with how physical and chemical interactions in the brain and body result in mental and emotional problems as well as treating those disorders. Psychoactive Drugs – drugs that affect mental functioning. Psychologist - a person who completes a Ph.D. in psychology and receives specialized training in psychological assessment and treatment. Psychomotor – refers to psychological and physical activity level. Psychomotor retardation – slowing down of psychological and motor activity. Psychopax - see Diazepam. Psychopharmacology – the study of drugs used to treat psychiatric/psychological conditions/problems. Punktyl - see Lorazepam. qd (as on a prescription) - qd (sometimes written QD or q.d.) means one a day (from the Latin quaque die). q_h (as on a prescription) - From the Latin word "quaque (once) and "h" for number of hours. So, for example, if a medicine is to be taken every 6 hours, it is written "q_h 6". Quality of life - An increasingly important consideration in medicine. The goals of treatment are to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. Quazepam - a benzodiazepine medication. Q-Pam - see Diazepam. Quietal - see Amitryptiline. Quitaxon - see Doxepin. Radepur - see Chlordiazepoxide. Radizepam - see Diazepam. Ralozam - see Alprazolam. Ramped Dosage – a term used to describe a gradual increase in the dose of a medication (titration up). Generally speaking when physicians prescribe medications for anxiety and depression they gradually increase the dose over a number of weeks so that they can 1) treat the problem with the most effective minimum dose and 2) watch carefully for the emergence of side-effects. Raysedan - see Chlordiazepoxide. Redomex - see Amitryptiline. Relac - see Buspirone Hydrochloride. Relanium - see Diazepam. Reliberan - see Chlordiazepoxide. Remeron - see Mirtazapine. Renaquil - see Lorazepam. Reposal - see Chlordiazepoxide. Restocalm - see Chlordiazepoxide. Restoril - see Temazepam. Retcol - see Chlordiazepoxide. Reticular Activating System (RAS) – the system of nerve fibers that go from the reticular formation at the base of the brain throughout the higher brain centers that are involved in general arousal. Reticular Formation – a portion of the brain stem that plays an important role in general arousal and attention. Reversible Inhibitors of MAO-A (RIMAs) – As for MAOIs, RIMAs inhibit of one of the enzymes that degrades and thereby inactivates monoamine neurotransmitters. However, as compared to the MAOIs, RIMAs do not permanently and irreversibly bind to the enzymes. As a result they are much safer and have fewer potential side effects that the MAOIs. Includes medications such as moclobemide (Aurorix). Ripolin - see Chlordiazepoxide. Risachief - see Chlordiazepoxide. Risolid - see Chlordiazepoxide. Ritalin – a stimulant often used in the treatment of attention problems in children and adults. Rival - see Diazepam. Rivotril - see Clonazepam. Ro-Azepam - see Diazepam. Rocosgen - see Lorazepam. Rohypnol - see Flunitrazepam. Rowexetina - see Fluoxetine.
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